Ink sharpen

/**
 * ink-sharpen
 *
 * The heading starts swollen and inky, its letters fused into one
 * rounded shape with a rough edge, and sharpens back to itself; at the
 * end the canvas fades onto the live word. Reversed, ink swells over
 * the word and fades away, and the word stays: a flourish, not an exit.
 * The distance field of `word-contour`, read the other
 * way: everything within a shrinking distance of the glyphs is filled,
 * in the text's own colour, over the live text.
 *
 * Copy this file. It imports nothing.
 *
 *     import { mount } from './ink-sharpen';
 *     mount(document.querySelector('.hero'));
 *
 * The mark is the first [data-mask] inside the element, else its first
 * heading: one line of display type, 32 px or more. It runs once, for
 * about a second, on arrival or when the element enters view. The
 * letters fuse for the first half of the run: a hero or a page's
 * arrival, never a word that must be read at first sight.
 */

export interface Options {
  /** Length of the run in ms. */
  duration: number;
  /** Ceiling on canvas pixels per CSS pixel. */
  maxPixelRatio: number;
  /** Ceiling on canvas pixels in total. */
  maxPixels: number;
  /** Run only on an arrival from outside the site, not on a reload or a history move. */
  arrivalOnly: boolean;
  /** How far the ink stands off the glyph at the start, in em of the heading, 0.05 to 0.4. */
  swell: number;
  /** Noise on the edge, em, 0 to 0.2. */
  rough: number;
  /** Noise feature size, CSS px, 20 to 120. */
  grain: number;
  /** Edge softness at the start, CSS px, 0 to 8. */
  blur: number;
  /** 0 sharpen, from ink to the word; 1 bleed, the reverse: the ink swells over the word and fades, and the word stays. */
  direction: number;
  /** 0 the text's own colour, alpha included; 1 the ink token, opaque, for lettering set as a tint of the ink. */
  tint: number;
  /** 0 on load, 1 when the element enters view. A bleed on entering view is a heading that leaves as it arrives: a mistake. */
  trigger: number;
}

export const DEFAULTS: Options = {
  duration: 1100,
  maxPixelRatio: 2,
  maxPixels: 2_500_000,
  arrivalOnly: true,
  swell: 0.2,
  rough: 0.125,
  grain: 40,
  blur: 3,
  direction: 0,
  tint: 0,
  trigger: 0,
};

export interface Handle {
  update(options: Partial<Options>): void;
  destroy(): void;
}

// ---- the effect -------------------------------------------------------------

const VERTEX = `#version 300 es
void main(){vec2 p=vec2((gl_VertexID<<1)&2,gl_VertexID&2);gl_Position=vec4(p*2.-1.,0,1);}`;

// The field is distance from the glyphs in mask px, 0 on and inside
// them; divided by the mask's scale it is CSS px. The fill is everything
// within an edge that starts at the swell and shrinks to zero as the
// cube of the time left, roughened by seeded value noise and softened
// at the start; at the end the edge is the glyph itself and the fill
// fades onto the live word over the last 15%. The fill is the text's
// own colour over the text: a fill outside the glyph only left a light
// seam down every stem, since the canvas word sits within about a pixel
// of the live one. The text's alpha is kept, so lettering set as a
// tint of the ink is filled at that tint; over the live text it doubles
// the tint for the run, which the fade at the end takes back. A bleed
// swells as the cube of progress and fades over its last 40%.
const FRAGMENT = `#version 300 es
precision highp float;
uniform sampler2D uField;
uniform vec2 uResolution;
uniform float uPixelRatio,uProgress,uTime,uSeed,uScale,uFont;
uniform vec4 uInk,uMove,uText;
uniform vec3 uInk0;
out vec4 o;
uint hh(uint x){x^=x>>16u;x*=0x7feb352du;x^=x>>15u;x*=0x846ca68bu;x^=x>>16u;return x;}
float h2(ivec2 p){return float(hh(uint(p.x)*1973u+hh(uint(p.y)+uint(uSeed*65535.))))/4294967295.;}
float vn(vec2 p){ivec2 i=ivec2(floor(p));vec2 f=fract(p);f=f*f*(3.-2.*f);
return mix(mix(h2(i),h2(i+ivec2(1,0)),f.x),mix(h2(i+ivec2(0,1)),h2(i+ivec2(1,1)),f.x),f.y);}
void main(){
vec2 uv=gl_FragCoord.xy/uResolution;uv.y=1.-uv.y;
vec2 c=gl_FragCoord.xy/uPixelRatio;
float d=texture(uField,uv).r/uScale;
float p=uProgress,s=uMove.x>.5?p*p*p:(1.-p)*(1.-p)*(1.-p);
float n=(vn(c/uInk.z)+.5*vn(c/uInk.z*2.03)-.75)*1.33;
float edge=s*uInk.x*uFont+n*2.*s*uInk.y*uFont;
float soft=.5+s*uInk.w;
float a=1.-smoothstep(edge-soft,edge+soft,d);
a*=uMove.x>.5?1.-smoothstep(.6,1.,p):1.-smoothstep(.85,1.,p);
vec4 t=uMove.y>.5?vec4(uInk0,1.):uText;o=vec4(t.rgb*a,a)*t.a;
}`;

/** The ink token, used only with tint 1; otherwise the ink is the text's own computed colour, set in prepare. */
const TOKENS: readonly (readonly [uniform: string, property: string, fallback: string])[] = [['uInk0', '--ink', '#000']];

const clamp = (value: number, low: number, high: number): number => Math.min(high, Math.max(low, value));
const whole = (value: number, low: number, high: number): number => clamp(Math.round(Number.isFinite(value) ? value : low), low, high);

export interface Dials {
  swell: number;
  rough: number;
  grain: number;
  blur: number;
  direction: number;
  tint: number;
  trigger: number;
}

/** Every dial inside the range the shader survives. */
export function dials(o: Options): Dials {
  return {
    swell: clamp(o.swell, 0.05, 0.4),
    rough: clamp(o.rough, 0, 0.2),
    grain: clamp(o.grain, 20, 120),
    blur: clamp(o.blur, 0, 8),
    direction: whole(o.direction, 0, 1),
    tint: whole(o.tint, 0, 1),
    trigger: whole(o.trigger, 0, 1),
  };
}

/**
 * A computed colour as four channels in 0..1, the alpha kept: rgb(),
 * rgba(), or color(srgb ...) with or without a slash alpha; null for
 * anything else. The alpha matters: display lettering set at a tint of
 * the ink is ink at a low alpha, and the fill must be the same.
 */
export function textColour(value: string): [number, number, number, number] | null {
  // A channel may be negative or in e-notation: a colour outside sRGB
  // mixed in sRGB is not gamut-mapped, and comes back so. Clamped.
  const ch = (n: number): number => Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(n) ? n : 0));
  const rgb = /^rgba?\(\s*([-\d.e+]+)[,\s]+([-\d.e+]+)[,\s]+([-\d.e+]+)(?:\s*[,/]\s*([-\d.e+]+%?))?/.exec(value);
  if (rgb) return [ch(Number(rgb[1]) / 255), ch(Number(rgb[2]) / 255), ch(Number(rgb[3]) / 255), alphaOf(rgb[4])];
  const srgb = /^color\(srgb\s+([-\d.e+]+)\s+([-\d.e+]+)\s+([-\d.e+]+)(?:\s*\/\s*([-\d.e+]+%?))?/.exec(value);
  if (srgb) return [ch(Number(srgb[1])), ch(Number(srgb[2])), ch(Number(srgb[3])), alphaOf(srgb[4])];
  return null;
}

/** An alpha token, a number or a percentage, 1 when absent. */
const alphaOf = (token: string | undefined): number => {
  if (token === undefined) return 1;
  const n = token.endsWith('%') ? Number(token.slice(0, -1)) / 100 : Number(token);
  return Number.isFinite(n) ? Math.min(1, Math.max(0, n)) : 1;
};

const uploadDials = (gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, at: (name: string) => WebGLUniformLocation | null, o: Options): void => {
  const d = dials(o);
  gl.uniform4f(at('uInk'), d.swell, d.rough, d.grain, d.blur);
  gl.uniform4f(at('uMove'), d.direction, d.tint, 0, 0);
};

/** Nothing is kept: the canvas fades onto the live word and leaves. */
const keepsStill = (_options: Options): boolean => false;

const fadeInMs = (_options: Options): number => 0;

const layerUnder = (_options: Options): boolean => false;

const canvasStyle = (_options: Options): string => '';

export const geometry = (gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, _o: Options): [mode: number, count: number] => [gl.TRIANGLES, 3];

const DEPTH = false;

const startsOnView = (o: Options): boolean => dials(o).trigger === 1;

/** The first [data-mask] in the element, else its first heading; never a picture, whose colour is not one. */
export function markOf(element: HTMLElement): HTMLElement | null {
  return element.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[data-mask]') ?? element.querySelector<HTMLElement>('h1, h2');
}

/**
 * The extent of one line of text from its fragments (a styled child
 * makes more than one), or null when the fragments sit on more than
 * one line or there is no text.
 */
export function lineOf(rects: readonly DOMRect[]): DOMRect | null {
  const parts = rects.filter((r) => r.width > 0);
  const first = parts[0];
  if (!first) return null;
  let left = first.left, right = first.right, top = first.top, bottom = first.bottom;
  for (const r of parts) {
    if (Math.abs(r.top - first.top) > 1) return null;
    left = Math.min(left, r.left);
    right = Math.max(right, r.right);
    top = Math.min(top, r.top);
    bottom = Math.max(bottom, r.bottom);
  }
  return new DOMRect(left, top, right - left, bottom - top);
}

/**
 * The element's box and the one line of text in the mark, measured
 * through a Range so that a block mark (a heading) gives its text's
 * own extent, not its box: a centred heading is measured where its
 * letters are, and a heading on two lines gives null.
 */
export function measureMark(element: HTMLElement, mark: HTMLElement): { box: DOMRect; rect: DOMRect } | null {
  const box = element.getBoundingClientRect();
  if (!(box.width > 0 && box.height > 0)) return null;
  const range = document.createRange();
  range.selectNodeContents(mark);
  const rect = lineOf(Array.from(range.getClientRects()));
  return rect ? { box, rect } : null;
}

/** The text as the page renders it: whitespace collapsed, the text-transform applied in the page's language. */
export function maskText(text: string, transform: string, lang: string): string {
  const flat = text.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
  if (transform === 'uppercase') return flat.toLocaleUpperCase(lang);
  if (transform === 'lowercase') return flat.toLocaleLowerCase(lang);
  if (transform === 'capitalize') return flat.replace(/(^|\s)(\S)/g, (_m, s: string, c: string) => s + c.toLocaleUpperCase(lang));
  return flat;
}

/** Where the baseline of one line sits: the top, half the slack, then the ascent. */
export const baseline = (top: number, height: number, ascent: number, descent: number): number =>
  top + (height - (ascent + descent)) / 2 + ascent;

/** Settled fonts, or the wait, whichever is first. A page without a font set settles at once. */
export function fontsReady(ms: number): Promise<void> {
  const ready = document.fonts?.ready;
  if (!ready) return Promise.resolve();
  return Promise.race([ready.then(() => undefined), new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms))]);
}

/** The element's padding box in viewport coordinates: where an absolutely placed canvas at inset 0 sits. */
export function paddingBox(element: HTMLElement): { left: number; top: number; width: number; height: number } {
  const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();
  return { left: rect.left + element.clientLeft, top: rect.top + element.clientTop, width: element.clientWidth, height: element.clientHeight };
}

/** The canvas keyword for a computed font-stretch percentage, 'normal' for 100%, or null for a width no keyword names. */
export function stretchKeyword(value: string): string | null {
  const pct = value.endsWith('%') ? Number(value.slice(0, -1)) : value === 'normal' ? 100 : NaN;
  const table: Record<number, string> = { 50: 'ultra-condensed', 62.5: 'extra-condensed', 75: 'condensed', 87.5: 'semi-condensed', 100: 'normal', 112.5: 'semi-expanded', 125: 'expanded', 150: 'extra-expanded', 200: 'ultra-expanded' };
  return table[pct] ?? null;
}

/** One row or column of the Felzenszwalb-Huttenlocher transform: the lower envelope of parabolas, recording the nearest feature. */
function pass(f: Float32Array, off: number, stride: number, n: number, d: Float32Array, v: Uint16Array, z: Float32Array, arg: Uint16Array): void {
  let k = 0;
  v[0] = 0;
  z[0] = -1e20;
  z[1] = 1e20;
  for (let q = 1; q < n; q += 1) {
    const fq = (f[off + q * stride] as number) + q * q;
    let s = 0;
    for (;;) {
      const r = v[k] as number;
      s = (fq - (f[off + r * stride] as number) - r * r) / (2 * (q - r));
      if (s <= (z[k] as number) && k > 0) k -= 1;
      else break;
    }
    k += 1;
    v[k] = q;
    z[k] = s;
    z[k + 1] = 1e20;
  }
  k = 0;
  for (let q = 0; q < n; q += 1) {
    while ((z[k + 1] as number) < q) k += 1;
    const r = v[k] as number;
    d[q] = (q - r) * (q - r) + (f[off + r * stride] as number);
    arg[q] = r;
  }
  for (let q = 0; q < n; q += 1) f[off + q * stride] = d[q] as number;
}

const yieldTask = (): Promise<void> => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
/** Pixels of transform work between yields: about 25 ms on an integrated laptop. */
const TASK_PIXELS = 120_000;

/**
 * Distance outside the ink in mask px, from the alpha of RGBA pixels:
 * every pixel with any ink is a feature, the transform is exact, and
 * each distance is corrected by the coverage of the nearest feature,
 * `sqrt(f) + 0.5 - a`, so an antialiased edge is where it is and not
 * where its pixel centre is. Columns, a yield, then rows: two tasks of
 * half the work each instead of one long one. Throws when nothing is
 * inked, since a field of infinities would draw nothing and say so to
 * nobody.
 */
export async function outside(alpha: Uint8ClampedArray, w: number, h: number): Promise<Float32Array> {
  const n = Math.max(w, h);
  const f = new Float32Array(w * h);
  const iy = new Uint16Array(w * h);
  let inked = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < w * h; i += 1) {
    const a = alpha[i * 4 + 3] as number;
    if (a > 0) inked += 1;
    f[i] = a > 0 ? 0 : 1e10;
  }
  if (inked === 0) throw new Error('nothing inked');
  const d = new Float32Array(n), v = new Uint16Array(n), z = new Float32Array(n + 1), arg = new Uint16Array(n);
  // A yield every so many pixels of work: a hero-sized mask is then many
  // tasks of a few tens of milliseconds, not two of over a hundred.
  const every = Math.max(1, Math.floor(TASK_PIXELS / Math.max(w, h)));
  for (let x = 0; x < w; x += 1) {
    if (x > 0 && x % every === 0) await yieldTask();
    pass(f, x, w, h, d, v, z, arg);
    for (let y = 0; y < h; y += 1) iy[y * w + x] = arg[y] as number;
  }
  await yieldTask();
  for (let y = 0; y < h; y += 1) {
    if (y > 0 && y % every === 0) await yieldTask();
    pass(f, y * w, 1, w, d, v, z, arg);
    for (let x = 0; x < w; x += 1) {
      const i = y * w + x;
      const qx = arg[x] as number;
      const cover = (alpha[((iy[y * w + qx] as number) * w + qx) * 4 + 3] as number) / 255;
      f[i] = (alpha[i * 4 + 3] as number) === 255 ? 0 : Math.max(0, Math.sqrt(f[i] as number) + 0.5 - cover);
    }
  }
  return f;
}

/** The mask is drawn no wider or taller than this, in CSS px: the read-back and the transform are the main-thread cost. */
const MASK_WIDTH = 1200;
/** How long to wait for the fonts before drawing on whatever face is in use. */
const FONT_WAIT = 1500;
/** The fill fuses type smaller than this, in CSS px, past reading. */
const MIN_FONT = 32;

/**
 * Before the first frame: wait for the fonts, draw the word where the
 * page draws it, transform the coverage into an exact distance field in
 * two tasks after the read-back's own, upload it as R16F, and set the
 * field's scale, the heading's size and the text's colour as uniforms.
 * Throws for anything it cannot draw rightly, and the harness then
 * attaches nothing: no text mark, an empty or two-line text, type under
 * 32 px, a font the canvas cannot parse, a stretch it cannot draw, a
 * page host, a mask with no ink, an upload the context refuses.
 */
const prepare: Prepare = async (gl, at, element, o) => {
  await fontsReady(FONT_WAIT);
  const mark = markOf(element);
  if (!mark) throw new Error('no mark');
  // A page host would mean a document-tall mask squeezed onto the viewport: refused.
  if (element === document.body || element === document.documentElement) throw new Error('page host');
  // The canvas covers the padding box (inset 0 of a positioned host), so the mask is drawn in it too.
  const box = paddingBox(element);
  if (!(box.width > 0 && box.height > 0)) throw new Error('no box');
  // Full resolution and exact: the fill ends on the glyph's own edge.
  const scale = Math.min(1, MASK_WIDTH / box.width, MASK_WIDTH / box.height);
  const mask = document.createElement('canvas');
  mask.width = Math.max(1, Math.round(box.width * scale));
  mask.height = Math.max(1, Math.round(box.height * scale));
  const ctx = mask.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true });
  if (!ctx) throw new Error('no 2d');
  ctx.scale(scale, scale);
  const style = getComputedStyle(mark);
  const lang = mark.closest<HTMLElement>('[lang]')?.lang || document.documentElement.lang || 'en';
  const text = maskText(mark.textContent ?? '', style.textTransform, lang);
  const measured = text ? measureMark(element, mark) : null;
  if (!measured) throw new Error('no one-line mark');
  const font = parseFloat(style.fontSize);
  if (!(font >= MIN_FONT)) throw new Error('type too small');
  const { rect } = measured;
  // A font the canvas cannot parse leaves the default in place, and a
  // mask in the default face lands nowhere near the word: stop instead.
  const unset = ctx.font;
  ctx.font = `${style.fontStyle} ${style.fontWeight} ${style.fontSize} ${style.fontFamily}`;
  if (ctx.font === unset) throw new Error('font');
  const text2d = ctx as CanvasRenderingContext2D & { letterSpacing?: string; fontStretch?: CanvasFontStretch };
  if ('letterSpacing' in text2d) text2d.letterSpacing = style.letterSpacing;
  // The computed stretch is a percentage and the canvas takes a keyword;
  // a width no keyword names, or a canvas without fontStretch, is refused.
  const stretch = stretchKeyword(style.fontStretch);
  if (stretch === null) throw new Error('stretch');
  if (stretch !== 'normal') {
    if (!('fontStretch' in text2d)) throw new Error('stretch');
    text2d.fontStretch = stretch as CanvasFontStretch;
  }
  ctx.textAlign = 'left';
  ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
  ctx.fillStyle = '#000';
  const metrics = ctx.measureText(text);
  ctx.fillText(text, rect.left - box.left, baseline(rect.top - box.top, rect.height, metrics.fontBoundingBoxAscent, metrics.fontBoundingBoxDescent));
  const { width, height } = mask;
  const alpha = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, width, height).data;
  // The read-back is its own task; the transform's two halves follow, each after a yield.
  await yieldTask();
  const field = await outside(alpha, width, height);
  gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.createTexture());
  // Linear filtering on a half-float texture is core in WebGL2; on a
  // 32-bit float it is not, and an incomplete texture reads as zero.
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  // A one-channel row of odd width is not 4-byte aligned.
  gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
  gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.R16F, width, height, 0, gl.RED, gl.FLOAT, field);
  if (gl.getError() !== gl.NO_ERROR) throw new Error('upload');
  gl.uniform1i(at('uField'), 0);
  // Set here, on the program, never in module state: two mounts on one page would share a variable.
  gl.uniform1f(at('uScale'), scale);
  gl.uniform1f(at('uFont'), font);
  // Any colour syntax in, one serialisation out: a probe in the host
  // whose colour is the mark's mixed with itself in sRGB makes the
  // browser do the conversion, as the harness reads its tokens; it is
  // appended and removed in one task, so no frame can paint it. Without
  // colour-mix (Chrome before 111, Safari before 16.2) the probe inherits
  // the host's colour, and the plain parse of the mark's own value is
  // tried first for that reason.
  const probe = document.createElement('i');
  probe.style.color = `color-mix(in srgb, ${style.color} 100%, #000 0%)`;
  element.append(probe);
  const mixed = getComputedStyle(probe).color;
  probe.remove();
  const colour = textColour(style.color) ?? textColour(mixed) ?? [0, 0, 0, 1];
  gl.uniform4f(at('uText'), colour[0], colour[1], colour[2], colour[3]);
  gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
  gl.blendFunc(gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
};

/**
 * Named versions of the effect: sets of options that belong together.
 * The first is the defaults. `mount(element, PRESETS.Bleed)`.
 */
export const PRESETS: Record<string, Partial<Options>> = {
  Sharpen: {},
  Bleed: { direction: 1 },
  Rough: { rough: 0.2, grain: 25 },
  Soft: { rough: 0, blur: 8 },
  Ink: { tint: 1 },
  Intro: { trigger: 1 },
};

// ---- HARNESS one-shot: begin ------------------------------------------------
//
// Identical in every one-shot shader recipe. `npm run check` fails if a
// copy differs, so change it in one recipe and copy it to the others.
//
// Above this line a recipe declares, by these names: Options (with
// duration, maxPixelRatio, maxPixels and arrivalOnly), DEFAULTS, Handle,
// VERTEX, FRAGMENT, TOKENS, uploadDials, keepsStill, fadeInMs,
// layerUnder, canvasStyle, geometry (the draw mode and vertex count),
// DEPTH (whether the context has a depth buffer and tests with it),
// prepare (the recipe's own setup after the program is in use, which
// may return a promise the start waits on) and startsOnView (whether
// nothing is made until the element enters the viewport).
//
// What it promises: it never throws, never hides or moves content, and
// changes nothing on the page until its first frame is ready. It never
// asks the GPU a blocking question where a non-blocking one exists.
// When the effect ends, or on destroy, nothing of it remains.

/** The recipe's setup, given the context, the uniform locations, the host and the options; a promise delays the start. */
type Prepare = (gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, at: (name: string) => WebGLUniformLocation | null, element: HTMLElement, options: Options) => void | Promise<void>;

const NOOP: Handle = { update() {}, destroy() {} };

/** One mount to an element. A second replaces the first. */
const mounted = new WeakMap<HTMLElement, Handle>();

/** The buffer size for a box measured in device pixels, under both ceilings. */
export function bufferSize(
  deviceWidth: number,
  deviceHeight: number,
  pixelRatio: number,
  maxPixelRatio: number,
  maxPixels: number,
): [width: number, height: number] {
  const area = deviceWidth * deviceHeight;
  if (!(area > 0)) return [1, 1];
  const scale = Math.min(1, maxPixelRatio / Math.max(pixelRatio, 0.01), Math.sqrt(maxPixels / area));
  return [Math.max(1, Math.round(deviceWidth * scale)), Math.max(1, Math.round(deviceHeight * scale))];
}

/** True when this page load came from outside the site, and is not a reload or a history move. */
export function isArrival(type: string | undefined, referrer: string, origin: string): boolean {
  if (type && type !== 'navigate') return false;
  if (!referrer) return true;
  try {
    return new URL(referrer).origin !== origin;
  } catch {
    return true;
  }
}

/** `color(srgb r g b)` as the browser serialises it, to three numbers in 0..1. */
export function parseSrgb(value: string): [number, number, number] | null {
  const match = /color\(srgb\s+([-\d.e]+)\s+([-\d.e]+)\s+([-\d.e]+)/.exec(value);
  if (!match) return null;
  const channel = (text: string | undefined): number => Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number(text) || 0));
  return [channel(match[1]), channel(match[2]), channel(match[3])];
}

/** A CSS time, in ms. `null` for anything that is not one. */
export function parseTime(value: string): number | null {
  const match = /^\s*(\d*\.?\d+)(ms|s)\s*$/.exec(value);
  if (!match) return null;
  return match[2] === 's' ? Number(match[1]) * 1000 : Number(match[1]);
}

/**
 * Options over a base, keeping only what is the right type. A control
 * panel, a message from another frame and a careless caller can all
 * send anything, and none of them may reach the GPU unchecked.
 */
export function mergeOptions(base: Options, next: Partial<Options>): Options {
  const merged: Record<string, unknown> = { ...base };
  for (const [key, standard] of Object.entries(DEFAULTS)) {
    const value: unknown = (next as Record<string, unknown>)[key];
    if (typeof value === typeof standard && (typeof value !== 'number' || Number.isFinite(value))) merged[key] = value;
  }
  return merged as unknown as Options;
}

export function mount(element: HTMLElement | null, options: Partial<Options> = {}): Handle {
  try {
    return start(element, options);
  } catch {
    return NOOP;
  }
}

function start(element: HTMLElement | null, explicit: Partial<Options>): Handle {
  if (!element || typeof WebGL2RenderingContext === 'undefined' || typeof ResizeObserver === 'undefined') return NOOP;
  // The one place motion is decided, so a host can override matchMedia.
  const asks = (query: string): boolean => typeof matchMedia === 'function' && matchMedia(query).matches;
  if (asks('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)') || asks('(forced-colors: active)')) return NOOP;

  mounted.get(element)?.destroy();

  const fromToken = parseTime(getComputedStyle(element).getPropertyValue('--load-duration'));
  let options = mergeOptions(fromToken === null ? DEFAULTS : { ...DEFAULTS, duration: fromToken }, explicit);
  if (options.arrivalOnly) {
    const entry = performance.getEntriesByType?.('navigation')[0] as PerformanceNavigationTiming | undefined;
    if (!isArrival(entry?.type, document.referrer, location.origin)) return NOOP;
  }

  const page = element === document.body || element === document.documentElement;
  const under = layerUnder(options);
  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
  canvas.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
  canvas.style.cssText = `position:${page ? 'fixed' : 'absolute'};inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;z-index:${under ? -1 : 2147483647};${canvasStyle(options)}`;

  let gl: WebGL2RenderingContext | null = null;
  let program: WebGLProgram | null = null;
  let observer: ResizeObserver | null = null;
  let clock: Animation | null = null;
  let still: HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
  let seen: IntersectionObserver | null = null;
  let hostStyle: string | null | undefined;
  let frame = 0;
  let timer = 0;
  let slow = 0;
  let last = 0;
  let seconds = 0;
  let done = false;
  const locations = new Map<string, WebGLUniformLocation | null>();
  const at = (name: string): WebGLUniformLocation | null => {
    if (!locations.has(name)) locations.set(name, gl && program ? gl.getUniformLocation(program, name) : null);
    return locations.get(name) ?? null;
  };

  /** Ends the effect. With `keep`, the last frame stays as a plain 2D canvas. */
  const finish = (keep: boolean): void => {
    if (done) return;
    done = true;
    cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
    clearTimeout(timer);
    observer?.disconnect();
    seen?.disconnect();
    clock?.cancel();
    document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', wake);
    removeEventListener('pagehide', stop);
    removeEventListener('pageswap', stop);
    canvas.removeEventListener('webglcontextlost', stop);
    if (keep && gl && canvas.isConnected) {
      // Copied in the same task as the last draw: after the next
      // composite the drawing buffer is gone.
      still = document.createElement('canvas');
      still.width = canvas.width;
      still.height = canvas.height;
      still.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
      still.style.cssText = canvas.style.cssText;
      still.dataset.state = 'rest';
      still.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(canvas, 0, 0);
      canvas.replaceWith(still);
    } else {
      // Removed first, then released: a lost canvas left in the page
      // shows a broken-image mark.
      canvas.remove();
    }
    if (gl) {
      gl.deleteProgram(program);
      gl.getExtension('WEBGL_lose_context')?.loseContext();
    }
    canvas.width = canvas.height = 0;
    gl = program = null;
    if (!still) restoreHost();
  };
  const stop = (): void => finish(false);

  const restoreHost = (): void => {
    if (hostStyle === undefined) return;
    // Read it before removing it. In Chrome, a style set through
    // `.style` and removed before anyone has read the attribute leaves
    // `style=""` behind, and "as it was" would be nearly true.
    element.getAttribute('style');
    if (hostStyle === null) element.removeAttribute('style');
    else element.setAttribute('style', hostStyle);
    hostStyle = undefined;
  };

  const tokens = (): void => {
    if (!gl) return;
    const probe = canvas.style;
    for (const [uniform, property, fallback] of TOKENS) {
      // Any colour syntax in, one serialisation out: mixing a colour
      // with itself in sRGB makes the browser do the conversion.
      probe.color = `color-mix(in srgb, var(${property}, ${fallback}) 100%, #000 0%)`;
      const rgb = parseSrgb(getComputedStyle(canvas).color) ?? [0, 0, 0];
      gl.uniform3f(at(uniform), rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
    }
    probe.color = '';
  };

  const draw = (now: number): void => {
    frame = 0;
    if (done || !gl || !clock) return;
    const progress = clock.effect?.getComputedTiming().progress ?? 1;
    const gap = last ? now - last : 0;
    last = now;
    seconds += Math.min(gap, 100) / 1000;
    // Four frames in a row slower than 15 a second: this is not a GPU worth keeping.
    slow = gap > 66 ? slow + 1 : 0;
    gl.uniform1f(at('uProgress'), progress);
    gl.uniform1f(at('uTime'), seconds);
    uploadDials(gl, at, options);
    // Cleared first: a fragment that discards, above a horizon, must not
    // show the last frame through the hole.
    gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    const [mode, count] = geometry(gl, options);
    gl.drawArrays(mode, 0, count);
    if (progress >= 1) finish(keepsStill(options));
    else if (slow > 3) finish(false);
    else frame = requestAnimationFrame(draw);
  };

  const resize = (entries: ResizeObserverEntry[]): void => {
    const entry = entries[0];
    if (done || !gl || !entry) return;
    const ratio = devicePixelRatio || 1;
    const exact = entry.devicePixelContentBoxSize?.[0];
    const box = entry.contentBoxSize?.[0];
    const cssWidth = box ? box.inlineSize : entry.contentRect.width;
    const cssHeight = box ? box.blockSize : entry.contentRect.height;
    // The device-pixel box is for snapping, not for scale: it is trusted
    // only where it agrees with devicePixelRatio to within a pixel.
    // Under DevTools device emulation it reports CSS pixels.
    const snapped = exact && Math.abs(exact.inlineSize - cssWidth * ratio) < 2 && Math.abs(exact.blockSize - cssHeight * ratio) < 2;
    const [width, height] = bufferSize(
      snapped ? exact.inlineSize : cssWidth * ratio,
      snapped ? exact.blockSize : cssHeight * ratio,
      ratio,
      options.maxPixelRatio,
      options.maxPixels,
    );
    if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
      canvas.width = width;
      canvas.height = height;
      gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
    }
    gl.uniform2f(at('uResolution'), width, height);
    gl.uniform1f(at('uPixelRatio'), width / Math.max(1, cssWidth));
    if (!clock) {
      // The clock is a Web Animation with nothing in it: the browser
      // keeps the time and applies the easing token.
      const easing = getComputedStyle(element).getPropertyValue('--load-ease').trim() || 'linear';
      const timing = { duration: Math.max(options.duration, 1), fill: 'forwards' as const };
      try {
        clock = canvas.animate(null, { ...timing, easing });
      } catch {
        clock = canvas.animate(null, timing);
      }
      const fade = fadeInMs(options);
      if (fade > 0) canvas.animate({ opacity: [0, 1] }, { duration: fade });
    }
    // Sizing clears the buffer, so draw before this frame is shown.
    cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
    draw(performance.now());
  };

  const attach = (): void => {
    if (done || !gl) return;
    if (under || !page) {
      // The host becomes the canvas's box, and behind the content a
      // stacking context too, so the canvas sits above its background
      // and below everything in it.
      hostStyle = element.getAttribute('style');
      if (getComputedStyle(element).position === 'static') element.style.position = 'relative';
    }
    if (under) {
      element.style.isolation = 'isolate';
      element.prepend(canvas);
    } else {
      element.append(canvas);
    }
    canvas.dataset.state = 'running';
    // In the document first: an element outside it has no computed style.
    tokens();
    observer = new ResizeObserver(resize);
    try {
      observer.observe(canvas, { box: 'device-pixel-content-box' });
    } catch {
      observer.observe(canvas);
    }
  };

  const ready = (): void => {
    if (done || !gl || !program) return;
    if (!gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) return stop();
    gl.useProgram(program);
    if (DEPTH) gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
    gl.uniform1f(at('uSeed'), Math.random());
    // The recipe's own setup, which may wait: for a font, for a picture.
    // A throw, sync or async, ends the effect with nothing shown.
    const context = gl;
    Promise.resolve()
      .then(() => prepare(context, at, element, options))
      .then(attach, stop);
  };

  const build = (): void => {
    if (done || gl) return;
    if (document.visibilityState !== 'visible') return;
    document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', wake);
    gl = canvas.getContext('webgl2', {
      alpha: true,
      antialias: false,
      depth: DEPTH,
      stencil: false,
      powerPreference: 'low-power',
      // A software renderer would burn a weak machine's cores for decoration.
      failIfMajorPerformanceCaveat: true,
    });
    if (!gl) return stop();
    canvas.addEventListener('webglcontextlost', stop);
    program = gl.createProgram();
    for (const [type, source] of [[gl.VERTEX_SHADER, VERTEX], [gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, FRAGMENT]] as const) {
      const shader = gl.createShader(type);
      if (!shader) return stop();
      gl.shaderSource(shader, source);
      gl.compileShader(shader);
      gl.attachShader(program, shader);
      gl.deleteShader(shader);
    }
    gl.linkProgram(program);
    const parallel = gl.getExtension('KHR_parallel_shader_compile');
    let waited = 0;
    const poll = (): void => {
      frame = 0;
      if (done || !gl || !program) return;
      waited += 1;
      // With the extension, ask without blocking. Without it, give the
      // driver two frames, then ask and take the wait. Asking early
      // moved first paint by more than a second in testing.
      if (parallel ? gl.getProgramParameter(program, parallel.COMPLETION_STATUS_KHR) : waited > 2) ready();
      else frame = requestAnimationFrame(poll);
    };
    frame = requestAnimationFrame(poll);
  };
  function wake(): void {
    build();
  }

  const handle: Handle = {
    update(next) {
      options = mergeOptions(options, next);
    },
    destroy() {
      stop();
      still?.remove();
      still = null;
      restoreHost();
      if (mounted.get(element) === handle) mounted.delete(element);
    },
  };
  mounted.set(element, handle);

  addEventListener('pagehide', stop);
  addEventListener('pageswap', stop);
  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', wake);
  // After a paint, never before one: the page is on screen first, and
  // creating a context is a blocking call of tens of milliseconds.
  const begin = (): void => {
    frame = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
      frame = 0;
      timer = window.setTimeout(build, 0);
    });
  };
  if (startsOnView(options) && typeof IntersectionObserver === 'function') {
    // Nothing is made until the element is in view: no context held
    // below the fold, and the recipe prepares against the layout and
    // fonts of the moment it starts.
    seen = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
      if (done || !entries.some((entry) => entry.isIntersecting)) return;
      seen?.disconnect();
      seen = null;
      begin();
    });
    seen.observe(element);
  } else {
    begin();
  }
  return handle;
}

// ---- HARNESS one-shot: end --------------------------------------------------